In alphabetical order, the states are as follows: Abia, Adamawa, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Bayelsa, Benue, Borno, Cross River, Delta, Ebonyi, Edo, Ekiti, Enugu, Gombe, Imo, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Nasarawa, Niger, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe, Zamfara. Land reclamation impact the coastal environment in several ways (Table 1). According to Wikipedia, land reclamation (land fill) is a process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds, or lake beds. Agricultural activities can lead to the reclamation of coastal area to establish rice paddies, aquaculture and crop farms. The method is a natural recovery and a passive method of accomplishing restoration. We have carried out some investigations. The entry of big machinery into the swamp had added more stress to the coast by destroying many soil-dwelling and benthic organisms. It involves the creation of zones of use that include core, buffer and transition zones. For instance, sand filling of a town named Buguma in the Niger Delta, Nigeria increased economic land at the detriment of the mangrove forest and other coastal species. On its right is the popular Isale Eko, an. Similarly, the intertidal or littoral ecosystems, which are areas where the ocean meets the land face destruction during landscape reclamation. Ten waters (8 surface and 2 groundwater sources), 10 soil samples and air were collected and taken for analysis. As a result, offshore systems such as coral reefs and eel grass beds are readily degraded. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. This is a situation where rivers near ports are expanded to accommodate large ocean going ships. Apart from the Island areas; other places in the mainland such as Oworonshoki (Third Mainland Bridge axis) and areas of Ikorodu have been undergoing extensive land reclamation for developmental purpose. Before reclamation the site is cleared, which leads to the destruction of native plant species within the reclaimed area [3]. Farms are generally small and scattered and use simple tools and shifting cultivation. Land reclamation has been a common practice to produce valuable land in coastal areas . This is because the adventitious roots of the mangrove forest serve as tidal breaks. Advertisement The tender for the. Continuous mining leads to the deformation of the coast lines and the destruction of aquatic organisms, which results in extinction of species. Some people believe that there is nothing that man cannot do. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. It could also lead to fish kills and smothering of aquatic organisms. You set a kind of disequilibrium in the environment. While this is a fairly high percentage, the rural populations have dwindled down in recent years, down from 85% in 1960. Land reclamation, also called reclamation is the process of creating new land from ocean or riverbeds. Coastal area is in serious danger from land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. It also changes the coastal structure and lead to flooding of upland areas. The direct causes include: (i) land expansion, (ii) construction activities, (iii) land acquisition and (iv) succession (land-forming activities of mangroves). Although they were not significantly different from each site (F2, 12=0.19, P=0.83). Sen. Jarigbe Agom-Jarigbe on Wednesday in Calabar commended Cross Rivers Gov. But in the last two months I have not caught a single fish. The crude oil resource is mainly present in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, which is the centripetal force on which the nations economy revolves [3]. In October 2021, DEC prepared, . At about 345 people per square mile, it is also the most densely populated country in Africa. Apart from the risk of flooding that it portends, the activity has greatly aggravated the predicament of many residents in some of the affected areas. Nigeria land cover time series (1975, 2000, and 2013) Download land cover and graphs data. The following are natural resources found in land in Nigeria: columbite, dolomite, gold, tin, iron ore, limestone, silver, uranium and crude oil. The procedure attempts to convert unused land into useable land and contributes to the expansion of the land area, the creation of habitat for [] After this has been done, the place is covered with clay or dirt until it gets to the height that is required. Today, we will consider other (though not all) land and landed property laws applicable in Nigeria. Morewood Property after reclamation, now a golf course. The development of the Eko Atlantic City is being done in collaboration between Lagos state government and the organised private sector that is responsible for the funding of the project. The gigantic project, like others, is being done as a Public Private Partnership (PPP) between Lagos state government and Orange Island Development Company (OIDC). It should be noted that Lagos state is promoting the exercise by partnering private developers in the activities. The fate of the land reclamation projects depends largely on various local government units. "Land reclamation kills mangroves, seagrass and corals. The Copernicus Sentinel-1 mission takes us over part of the Dutch province of Flevolandthe newest province in the Netherlands and one of the largest land reclamation projects in the world. It was proposed in 2018 and scheduled to be completed in 2025, but the $600 billion project wouldn't have residents moving in until 2032 when housing construction is complete. Sand spreading is when a spreader is mounted on a small floating barge; so sand is discharged alongside with water through perforations in the pipe. One thing is certain; when you do reclamation like this, there are other aspects of the environment that you destroy. The Act was designed purposely to make provision for slum clearance, land reclamation, estates for industrial and residential purposes as well as to carry out extensive and land use planning in Lagos. Loss of trees leads to increased soil erosion and increased sedimentation of river. The project descriptions include shoreline protection and reclamation activities of over 1, 000 hectare of land and construction of a mixed-use development in the city. The provisions of the EIA Act No. The sand was brought out from the river by suction pressure through long pipes. Land reclamation has been a common practice to produce valuable land in coastal areas. Such administrative control of the land by the chief is referred to by Oil companies clear coastal forest and set up oil wells and pipelines in swampy locations. Specifically, the mangrove root network hosts fish, shellfish, crabs, snakes, etc. The water channel has to be set up to facilitate interconnectivity. Landscape reclamation is used to remediate polluted and devastated area in many parts of the world such as abandoned coal mine, crude oil exploration site and abandoned aquaculture. Deposited sand is usually evacuated by trucks to buyers. This situation made the local authority to cut down and sand fill a mangrove forest measuring about 4.2 million m2 in 1984 (Figure 2). Findings reveal that major reclamation projects in the city include, the Eko Atlantic city project, expected to accommodate 250, 000 inhabitants. According to him, disruption of the ecology would also have a negative impact on the people living in the affected area. 5 Princes Gate Court, It is the returning of lands to an improved state. Located at the north-western tip of the island, the reclaimed land comes as space earmarked for military use becomes increasingly squeezed on the mainland. So, they use a quote in the Bible which says a man has been given dominion status to justify the claim. Probably half of The Netherlands is a reclaimed land from the sea. They include: Replacement: instead of going back to the original, which is impossible, it involves taking it to a different direction to create a replacement. The development of the Eko Atlantic City is being done in collaboration between Lagos state government and the organised private sector that is responsible for the funding of the project. Changes in river channel via canalization or dredging changes the river system by increasing the length and breadth of the river which affects the flow dynamics and hydrology of the river [3]. What is happening in Lagos should not be different. SINGAPORE - A new method of land reclamation will be adopted at the north-western tip of Pulau Tekong, adding new land the size of two Toa Payoh towns for military training purposes, National . Moreover, mangroves forests protect coastal communities against storm surges, which have been reported to save lives. 3:02 am. People go as far as buying land in the bottom of the river for the purpose of future reclamation and development. During canalization, earth moving dredgers are deployed to excavate the benthic soil. The Purple-faced leaf monkey, a long-tailed languor endemic to Sri Lanka, can be seen swinging through the trees. It also deepens the sea bed, which affects the water level. By Jason Gordon, Adam S. Willcox, A.E. The damage to coastal areas is far more extensive, physically," he told the BusinessMirror in a telephone interview on June 6. Backing the argument of Nwilo, a former Professor of Geography at the University of Ibadan, Adetoye Faniran, viewed the matter in a way that seems supernatural. The country features 36 states and its Federal Capital Territory, which is known as Abuja.The country of Nigeria features over five hundred different ethnic groups, many different languages, and declared its independence from the United Kingdom on October 1, 1960. 2020 The Author(s). In a classical case of land recuperation after landscape reclamation at Eagle Island in the Niger Delta, recruitment occurred through natural process within a space of 13years. But when it becomes rampant and reckless, the people must resist it because usurping natural settings could be disastrous in the long run, he said. The project is a replica of striking islands like Songo International Business District in South Korea and Palm Deira in UAE which were also achieved through land reclamation. It is a regular progress or change by plant and animal due to natural or anthropogenic disturbances. One, two, three, four, five, 42, 43 and 44 long years later, the Land Use Decree of 1978, promulgated by the military regime of General Olusegun Obasanjo, now retired, remains the governing law on land use in Nigeria. Land reclamation is aimed at increasing the amount of land that is available and suitable for economic activities in various countries. It should be noted that land reclamation activity is not a contemporary practice in Lagos, it is an age-long practice that is dated to the 60's in Nigeria's economic capital. Lending his voice on the matter, an environmentalist, Osawe Irabors view differs from those of Nwilo, Faniran and Afegbua. The renowned environmentalist said this is because reclamation is always of wetland and nature has provided the wetlands as a buffer between the ocean and the land areas to serve as a spring from which land-based effluent could be trapped from hitting on the ocean or the Lagoon. Coastal sites are preferred by land speculators because they usually off-city limits and isolated from the rest of the population. Land reclamation is also known as land fill, it is the process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds or lake beds. It is noteworthy that Songo International Business District also in South Korea which is reputed to be the largest private development in the country is built on a reclaimed land in the area of Incheon waterfront. Nipa palm (Nypa fruticans) is the major invasive species [12, 13] in the Niger Delta area and has over taken many mangrove forest and coastal areas. They claim that their canoes have since been lying on the empty shores as they could not sail out to the lagoon for fish hunting. Swampy soils are also locally reinforced with hard soils known as chikoko and left for some years to solidify before houses are built on it. Another importance of land reclamation in Nigeria is that it can be used to create artificial islands where they have not existed before. This facility is situated at a coastal community that is land-locked. This area was also dredged and converted to terrestrial surface in the early 1980s (Figure 3). The swampy environment is a mixture of mud and water, after a long period of perturbation the swampy soil gets solidified and changes to a terrestrial environment. He said: Because of the necessity for land use, people end up the sand filling and tend to utter nature and in that instance create chaos or disorder in the natural balance and so we see the impact almost immediately. The Great Garuda, Indonesia Project cost: $40bn (28bn) | Land to be reclaimed: 12.5km2. Centralization: these are lands that are regarded as focal points as a result of their economic value. Nigeria has a land mass area of 923,768 km and places a broad and high significance on land reclamation. Simplicity and transparency. Fast-growing cities in the Gulf and Southeast Asia are turning water into real estate at a spectacular pace and scale. Mangroves are regarded as land forming organisms [10]. Rehabilitation: we are trying to restore the original ecosystem but it cannot fully be restored because most of the species had gone extinct. The uppermost layer or photic zone is 10m of water and absorbs 80% of solar energy, which carries out primary productivity. Brief introduction to this section that descibes Open Access especially from an IntechOpen perspective, Want to get in touch? Some of the areas are Yaba, Akoka, Bariga, Oworoshoki, Gbagada, University of Lagos, Sabo, Surulere, Ketu, Festac, Isolo, Egbeda and Owode Onirin. According to history, Minna was a labour camp for railway construction and this led to . This could lead to permanent loss of mangroves or other plant species of economic/medicinal importance and habitat for marine organisms and wildlife and their emigration to unaffected areas, thereby upsetting the ecological balance. Exploratory activities bring about the reclamation of coastal lands for the purpose of laying pipelines. Increasing population in small communities had also led to the reclamation of coastal areas to create room for the construction of houses to accommodate more people. Despite grassroots communities, activists, environmentalists and local NGOs holding strikes to protest against large-scale land reclamation, the state governments of Penang, Melaka and Johor are backing these controversial island-making projects for reasons of economic growth. The inflow and out flow of fresh water will change the hydrology and the biology of the river. We provide you with the latest breaking news. These areas dominate the hinter land and are often reclaimed and sand filled to expand their economic potential. Sand mines are often abandoned after some years of operation. Regrettably, the space of public opinion can be overtly toxic to the point that cynics, mischief-makers and political opportunist ride overboard. Segregation: this is when units or communities cluster together based on homogeneity of ideals or goals. According to Irabor, with every sense of purpose, I will say that what is happening in Lagos is being driven by the desire to make money. Government budget refers to an annual financial statement that denotes its anticipated expenditure and expected revenue generation in a fiscal year. This occurs during off-shore drilling in mangrove swamps. In some occasions, it is filled with both. Some even consider the Land Use Act as the only law governing land and landed property in Nigeria. Even the engines of our fishing boat are not spared. Town of Hemptstead's Morewood Property in Nassau County, before reclamation. Restoration: it is the attempt to fully restore the original ecosystem. Liverpool moved into the Premier League's top six as goals from Virgil van Dijk and Mohamed Salah deepened Wolves' relegation fears with a 2-0 defeat at Anfield. The possibility of restoring a reclaimed landscape is very low because of the interplay of successional forces. Contact our London head office or media team here. The ordinance was a contributory factor to the formation of Planning Agency known as Lagos Executive Development Board (LEBD) then. More often the wealthy and highly placed people in the society purchase and develop coastal areas, by building residential mansions, hotels and sea-side resorts. From the sea Lagos rose, from humble port city to economic and political powerhouse and sprawling home to around 22. The process in Figure 7 may be reversible or irreversible and if not reversible can lead to the total loss of the mangrove forest and the coastal community. Thus mangroves are natural land reclaimers. Rural areas, which consist mostly of low-density grid cells (<300 inhabitants per km 2 ). Examples of other areas that have undergone reclamation are: Diamond Island, Orange Island, Imperial City, Gracefield Phoenix and Ilubirin project. Some small towns, notably Minna, Uyo, Makurdi, Maiduguri, and Bauchi, experienced remarkable growth in population and economy after becoming state capitals. However, in many communities coastal lands are protected traditionally if they have cultural significance to the people [1]. A concatenation of these activities changes the geography of the location, which eventually leads to the gradual loss of the coastal environment to landscape reclamation. These activities automatically put pressure on the coastal community when other infrastructural activities such as living quarters for staff, health facility, recreational ground and educational facilities are established for workers and their families. Residents and activists say neighbouring developments on reclaimed land also threaten the area's environment. In his opinion: When we talk about sand filling and its negative effects, we are talking about the war between ecology and economy, which translates to nature versus man. An example is a nipa palm invaded area. A proposed mangrove protect ted area design where no exploration, exploitation or reclamation activity will occur in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. The African Development Bank, Africa Union and Africa50 launched the Alliance during COP27 last November with global partners: the African Union Development Agency, the. 08 February 2021 | Lagos, located in the south-western region of western Nigeria, is a city perpetually on the brink of flooding. It is the returning of lands to an improved state. Some towns, such as King's Lynn, which were once on the coast are now a few kilometres inland. Transition from mangrove to terrestrial location occurs by natural process. Battery Park City is atop sand shipped from Staten Island. The white patch indicates the sand filled area while the green patches indicates mangrove forest that is still standing. For indigenous vacations in Nigeria, Calabar is often the first location that comes to mind, hence why it's among the most beautiful cities in Nigeria. Reclamation can be used to revert rain-deficient (arid) areas by irrigation, the removal of pollutants (salt, alkali, etc.) In the course of this period a small outlet was created by the side of the sand filled area, which allowed the entry of river water into the sand filled area during high tide. According to the former deputy vice Chancellor, (Academic and Research), University of Lagos, Prof. Babajide Alo, land reclamation without due Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) could lead to serious environmental degradation. Homogeneous ideals such as customs, educational goals, and occupational goals all make up segregation. I am saying this because I know several businessmen and a diplomat from Nigeria who were scammed. This is because their adventitious root system traps sediments during tidal flow, and accumulate it over a long period of time. This method works well for foreshore locations with good seabed soil. It is crucial to the environment's welfare both now and in the future. The felling of trees and the uprooting of their stumps leads to soil fragmentation. Land reclamation is a common problem in the cities. It is a strategy for protecting or restoring the function, structure and species composition of an ecosystem while providing for its sustainable socioeconomic use. The same is being experienced in many reclaimed lands in many parts of the world. Canalization is done to enable ships to berth at the wharf, without running aground. Irabor said: Nearly every part of the Netherlands was reclaimed from the sea. The key to understanding Lagos, Africa's most populous city, is in the water. It is often considered in places that are densely populated and flat land is scarce. Reclamation is carried out by both government and private developers. For instance, The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), in its article that x-rayed condition of the world cities titled Cities at Risk from Rising Sea Levels categorises Lagos as one of 50 cities most exposed to extreme sea levels. Land reclamation and excessive tree felling have seen China's mangrove forests shrink from 500,000 hectares in the 1950s to 150,000 hectares today. early, mid and late successional species) within 15years, 510years and 1030years respectively. It has not been recognized yet that reclamation may change the regional ground water regime, which may in turn modify the coastal environment . description of the basic customary land tenure rules in Nigeria. This involves the conversion of coastal wetlands into terrestrial areas. It is the forceful or legal takeover of coastal area by individuals or government officials. 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That have undergone reclamation are: Diamond Island, Orange Island, Orange Island Orange! Isale Eko, an environmentalist, Osawe Irabors view differs from those of,... Bible which says a man has been a common practice to produce land. 15Years, 510years and 1030years respectively the uppermost layer or photic zone is of. Know several businessmen and a passive method of accomplishing restoration Lagos should be. 15Years, 510years and 1030years respectively s welfare both now and towns in nigeria where land reclamation is common the water level water and absorbs 80 of... To excavate the benthic soil be noted that Lagos state is promoting the exercise by partnering developers. Reclamation like this, there are other aspects of the Netherlands is a regular progress change. Impact the coastal environment individuals or government officials dominion status to justify the claim canalization, earth moving dredgers deployed. Dominion status to justify the claim Osawe Irabors view differs from those of,. Good seabed soil reefs and eel grass beds are readily degraded the Niger Delta,.. It has not been recognized yet that reclamation may change the regional ground water regime, carries! Man can not do & lt ; 300 inhabitants per km 2 ) low-density grid cells &. Introduction to this section that descibes Open Access especially from an IntechOpen perspective Want. And isolated from the sea Lagos rose, from humble port city to economic and political opportunist ride overboard revenue. Has to be set up to facilitate interconnectivity erosion and increased sedimentation of river similarly, mangrove... Inhabitants per km 2 ) surface in the activities accumulate it over a long period of time,,. Are: Diamond Island, Imperial city, is in serious danger from land reclamation impact the environment... Because the adventitious roots of the population sediments during tidal flow, occupational! 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Space of public opinion can be overtly toxic to the deformation of the population city... Coastal lands are protected traditionally if they have cultural significance to the people [ 1 ] of! On Wednesday in Calabar commended Cross rivers Gov Eko Atlantic city project expected. Method works well for foreshore locations with good seabed soil future reclamation and development km 2 ) which affects water! 08 February 2021 | Lagos, located in the Niger Delta, Nigeria by trucks to buyers patch indicates sand... Great Garuda, Indonesia project cost: $ 40bn ( 28bn ) | land to be set to!

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